Week 5: Islamic Design and Romaneque

 Islamic Design:

• Mohammed was the figurehead of the Islamic Religion and lived from 570-632 CE. Islam was the foundation of Islamic design, taking over Africa, Europe, and Asia. 
• Mosque is the central facility for prayer and worship. 
• The first mosque, Mohammad's farm, was a prototype for mosques in the many years to come. 
• The mosque had a perimeter wall, a covered hall of columns, and a courtyard. It is meant to be a place where many people could come and pray to God while kneeling on a carpet and facing Mecca. 
• the Great Mosque of Kairouan from  820 to 836 CE
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• This was a classic capitol with Islamic Arches and horseshoe arches. 
• It is the most famous ancient mosque in Tunisia, North Africa. 
• Persian architecture in Instanbul, Turkey- Constantinople
• the Mosque of Sultan Ahmed was build from 1609-1617 and was refered to as the "Blue Mosque" 
• It contained one main dome, six minarets, and the eight secondary domes. 
• Patterns in Architecture sometimes originated in textiles such as carpet
  
• The interior was made with over 20,000 handmade tiles containing more than 50 different tulip designs and has over 20 stained glass windows. 
• The walls looked like carpet and the decoration was geometric and non-representational. 
• The Tah Mahal was built with a white domed marble mausoleum. 
• Mughal Emperor Hah Jahan had it built for his favorite wife after her death and it is seen as an earthly replica of her house in paradise.
• Alhambra Was a large palace and fortress complex in Granada, Spain built by Ibn Ahmar
• arabesque design was used in the acanthus leafs and vines
• The most notable features are the muquarnas filled arches and the domes found throughout the palace. 
  

  

  

  

  
  
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• Some current Applications can be found in Kohler and Ann Sack. the pattern design and the arches. 
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Romanesque: 

• Charles the Great, or Charlemagne, crowned emperor of the Roman empire in 800 AD encouraged learning and the arts, preserved and copied Roman literature, Established schools and monasteries, and encouraged building using the technology of Roman structures. 
• Before AD 1000, little architecture was built. 
• The religious movement was strong and initiated pilgrimages to Christian shrines
• There was a minimum of 1587 churches built between 100 and 1100 
• Significance was not found in free-standing furniture but in architecture and design styles. 
  
• Romanesque churches typically featured
• semicircular arches and vaults
• plans from early Christian basilicas
• nave, transept, and apse modified for better space
• side chapel added in the wider transept
• Churches had vaulting
• multiple aisles
• better illumination provided
• were larger for more worshipers
• added choirs
• surrounding area (ambulatory) for processions
• Three types of churches included
• urban pilgrimage
• rural monasteries
• modest parish churches
• Roofs were masonry, not wood
• walls were painted rich greens, blues, purples, and gold
• rich tapestries were shown
• gilded sculptures were seen
• Bibles, chalices, and more were gold silver, and ivory set with rubies, emeralds, sapphires, and pearls
• The Fonternay Abbey was established in 1118 in France
• it was a religious and economic force
• it produced goods such as wool and iron
• it had an austere appearance 
• it had blank walls above the slightly pointed nave arcades. 
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• The Pisa Baptistery in Italy includes three free standing buildings, a cross shaped cathedral, cylindrical baptistry and is made of local marble
• the tallcanpanile or the leaning tower is one of these three buildings. 
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  Some early chairs were the throne of Dagobert and the throne of Charlemagne      

• Residential Design
• Homes were made of wood, mud, twigs, dirt floors, with little light or warmth
• nobility had stone castles
• homes were drafty, wet, and dark and would contain a center fire in the great hall
• not many survived due to the wood structure
• Current applications
• Forum shops Caesar's Palace in Las Vegas 
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